Autism Spectrum Disorders - 784 Words

Introduction Autism is the main form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism is a developmental disorder that is manifested in problems with communication, impairment of social functioning, and repetitive behaviours. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), ASD diagnoses must meet four different areas of criteria. There are three symptoms of deficits in social communication and interaction across contexts, four symptoms of restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities, symptoms must be present in early childhood, and the symptoms must together limit and impair everyday functioning (Carpenter, 2013). There are many theoretical positions on the causes of autism spectrum disorders. Some of which have been discounted by empirical studies that have been researched and performed. Theoretical Positions The search for the cause of autism and autism spectrum disorders began in the 1990s with Dr. Andrew Wakefield, a gastroenterologist from Britain. Dr. Wakefields research linked autism to vaccines received in infancy and childhood through intestinal disease. The vaccine Dr. Wakefield primarily looked at was the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) triple vaccine. In 2004, most of the co-authors for the study withdrew their names after learning that Wakefield had been paid by a law firm that intended to sue vaccine manufacturers (Retracted autism study, 2011). Wakefields researchShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and beha vioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism2594 Words   |  11 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition that is classified by a triad of impairments. These impairments are in communication, socialization, and repetitive patterns of behavior (Wolf, 2004). Autism affects about 1% of the current population (Shishido, Branko, Norio, 2013). This disorder seems like a common diagnosis in the current day in age but the disorder was only discovered around sixty years ago. The two founding researchers that discovered the disorder are KannerRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1827 Words   |  8 Pagesin the United States had one or more developmental disorders in 2006-2008. This can affect the person mentally, physically, emotionally, or a combination of the three. These range from something as simple as a speech delay to something as complex as cerebral palsy. One of these developmental disorders is autism. Autism can cause social, communication, and behavioral challenges. One in 68 children are affected by autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is 4.5 times more common in boys. One in forty-twoRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesconventions (Lai, 2014). These two observations would be the beginning of a disorder known as the Autism Spectrum Disorder. This developmental disorder, characterized by a range of deficits in different areas, is increasingly prevalent in society and in the media. While the exact numbers vary from country to country, according to Lai (2014), 1% of the general population is diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. The range of this disorder has a detrimental effect on society, specifically the educationalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1858 W ords   |  8 Pages Autism Spectrum Disorder affects various aspects of an autistic child’s life. Many children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder every year, while others go undiagnosed for an extended time, or even for their whole life. A child exhibiting delays in language benchmarks or showing little interest in the surroundings should be examined for possible ASD. Language is often impaired and although the level of impairment can range from severe too unnoticeable in each child, a child is likely toRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1409 Words   |  6 Pagesboys and 1 in 189 girls are diagnosed with autism in the United States (Autism Speaks, n.d.). Can be diagnosed in all racial and ethnic groups, as well as every age group. In the 2013 publication of DSM-5 diagnostic manual, Asperger syndrome, Autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) were merged into one category of ASD. This paper will explain what Autism Spectrum Disorder is, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosisRead MoreAutism And Autism Spectrum Disorder1267 Words   |  6 Pages and the way he interacted with others, spoke to me on a profound level. I know autism when I see it. For those not familiar with autism, Autism Speaks, the world’s leading autism science and advocacy organization, defines autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees (hence, a â€Å"Spectrum† that includes both low- and high-functioning individuals), by difficulties in socialRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1401 Words   |  6 PagesIn America about one out of 88 children have autism spectrum disorder and about 36,500 in four million children are born with autism. Currently approximately 1.5 million adults are living with autism in the United States. The autistic brain is a complicated phenomenon, which has required many years of research in the biomedical field by institutes, organizations, and the government to comprehend the disorder. Depending on the severity of the disorder – low functionin g or high functioning – and theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pages Autism and Asperger’s are two syndromes that are now looked as being part of the ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’. Asperger’s is on the high functioning end while Autism is on the low functioning end. Before the ‘autism spectrum’ was created, in nineteen forty-three and nineteen forty-four, a psychiatrist named Leo Kanner and German scientist named Hans Asperger discovered Autism and Asperger’s. Their research included looking at cases of children who were different and had qualities of aloneness, obsessiveness

The Core Values Of Social Work - 1011 Words

Throughout this course we learned the foundation of Social Work, how it began and how eventually it branched out. The importance of Social Policies, Social Justice, meeting all human needs and understanding the core ethical values of Social Work. We learned how it all began with the church, we can even go further back to the Native Americans and Pilgrim times. Where the first display of Social Work took place then and there, we were able to learn that with Edwin in his first Presentation that gave us a little history feedback on this subject. We learned that Social Welfare reflected the people of the community beliefs and values. If your views were opposite to those that were accustomed to society at that time determined whether or not you qualified for such aid. We also look at the conservative point of view, â€Å" personal responsibility vs. government relief†. (class notes) They were opposed to taxation, they also supported safety nets. They believed that the tax structure should reward those who work vs. the wealthy.(class notes) These policies that were created were a way to have some sort of control on the people. How? Well, they were â€Å"designed to regulate, increase conformity and to create compliance. Which allowed the poor to stay socially controlled and regulated.† (class notes) This is where the role of Social Work kicked in, through advocacy they wanted to created goal for equal fairness and opportunities and freedom. Also, the support of a non-violence community.Show MoreRelatedThe Core Value Of Social Work1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe first core value of social work is service. The purpose of service is to simply help those in need. It is our duty to find the help and support that individuals need in order to function properly, both individually and socially. Social workers have the ability to see potential in individuals and it is our job to help individuals find that potential. It is also our duty to address social issues. In order to do provide the services needed for individuals, social workers must use their own sourceRead MoreThe Core Values Of Social Work1589 Words   |  7 PagesStatement of Purpose Social work concentrates not only on the wellbeing of society, but also the welfare of individuals, families, groups, and communities. Social work is a critical tool in acknowledging national controversial issues such as transparency in the government but can also address local concerns, like gang related activity within a community. It means seeing issues affecting daily lives and taking the initiative to enact a solution. Social work encompasses many facets such as communityRead MoreThe Social Work Profession And Core Values Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesthe social work profession and its core values is that social workers are caregivers, they provide assistance to people in need and they address social problems. The social worker goal is the improvement of society in order to ameliorate the lives of individuals in need. The primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance the well-being of people and to help them meet their basic needs, with special emphasis on the ne eds of the poor, and the vulnerable individual. The social work missionRead MoreThe Six Core Values Of Social Work713 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The primary mission of a Social Worker profession is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. A historic and defining feature of social work is the profession’s focus on individual well-being of society. Fundamental to social work is attention to the environmental forces that create, contribute to, and address problems in living.† (NASWRead MoreThe Social Work Profession And Its Core Values Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of the social work profession and its core values is that social workers are caregivers, they provide assistance to people in need, and they address social problems. The social worker goal is the improvement of society to ameliorate th e lives of individuals in need. The social work profession mission is to enhance the well-being of people and to assist them in meeting their basic needs, with particular emphasis on the needs of the poor, and the vulnerable individual. The Social Work professionRead MoreCore Social Work Ethics And Values Essay2536 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction to Social Work Element1 This essay will explore two examples of core social work ethics and values and discuss the importance of the chosen principles. It will also discuss the implications that would arise if a social work professional did not comply to the standards of conduct , performance and ethics. It can be argued that the values and ethics that underpin social work are at the core of the practice ; this is what separates it in a distinct manner amongst other professionsRead MoreMy Core Values : Leadership, Openness, Respect, And Faith1425 Words   |  6 PagesMy core values are leadership, openness, respect, compassion, equality and faith. The reading impacted these core values, because I learned as a social worker, you must occasionally take leadership. Openness is always important when working with individuals, families, groups, and communities of different backgrounds. Everyone deserves respect, and being that I will be working with individuals that are going through tough situations, I have to always have respect. Compassion is a must because I wantRead MoreThe Social Work Code Of Ethics1059 Words   |  5 Pagesof the social work profession is deeply rooted in a specific set of core values. These strict set of beliefs are embraced by professional history and are the f ramework to social work s unique purpose and mission. The six core values include Service, Social Justice, Dignity and Worth of the Person, Importance of Human Relationships, Integrity, and Competence. As Social Workers begin or continue their journey in social work it is significant to always properly represent, and advance the values and goalsRead MoreSocial Work Values And Ethics1441 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Social Work Values and Ethics 1 Social Work Values and Ethics Unique to the Profession Jessica A. Rosario Arizona State University Social Work Values and Ethics 2 Abstract The history and evolution of social work dates to the late 1800’s. Since the profession was recognized many concerns arose regarding the values and ethics of social workers. The key points of theRead MoreValues and Reflection Paper837 Words   |  4 PagesValues and Reflection Paper Enrique Riccardi CJA/474 - MANAGING CRIMINAL JUSTICE PERSONNEL January 25, 2014 Jason Husky Abstract Reflection paper will address some topics while reflecting on core values, brief description on how some professionals in the field acquire their own values and with time may change their values. It will give a definition of what values in the workplace are, and explain what these values do for us as professionals. In this paper the reader will also be

Economic Article Analysis

Question: The fluctuation in the price of oil has several impacts on the economic stability of a country. Explain? Answer: Introduction The fluctuation in the price of oil has several impacts on the economic stability of a country. It can be seen that in the recent years, the price of crude oil has fallen tremendously that has affected the global oil industry. The impact of the fall in price of crude oil can be mostly seen on the oil producing countries. The fall in price of oil leads to economic downturn and increase expenditure of the government. Along with that, it is important to note that the government plays an important role in controlling the oil price in the domestic market. The paper has been developed to analyze the article that has been chosen for preparing the main report. A proper analysis of the article is provided with discussion for further understanding. Analysis of the Article The article written by Soh (2016) shows that the recent price slump in the global oil prices has certainly benefited Singapores consumers more than the industries. The drop down of crude oil prices has brought relief to the common public of Singapore as the electricity bills, and cost of petrol have been fell about 15% and 5.5% respectively (Soh, 2016). Meanwhile, in a previous couple of years since 2014, the crude prices have seemed a price slump by 48%. There are some fundamental reasons behind the relatively smaller proportion of drop down of electricity prices in Singapore (The Straits Times, 2015). Primarily, 95% of electricity produced in Singapore has relied on the natural gas prices. In the case of discussing the impact of falling oil prices in refinery and petrochemical industry, pump prices have hit six-year lows (Lim, 2016). The petrochemical industry and refining businesses have not seemed to be benefited to a larger extent due to the fall in crude prices as slumping oil prices have slowed the growth minimising the profit outlook. On the other hand, oil-intensive manufacturers in Singapore have been benefited through cut off in the fuel surcharges enjoying savings in fuel price (Cheon and Urpelainen, 2012). As far as transport and logistics businesses are concerned, the slump in crude oil prices can be seen as the most suitable business event. Due to lower crude prices, the transportation business can secure maximum profitability even after decreasing the cost of services (Elliott, 2016). Discussion Due to the rise in crude oil inventories and global economic slowdown, the crude oil prices have slipped down to nearly US$ 30 a barrel earlier in the current year. The growing pressure in crude oil has fuelled new difficulties for the large offshore and marine sector of Singapore. According to the economic analysts, the geopolitical tensions have been a significant worry for the global economy. Hence, due to the falling oil prices, oil rigs, offshore and marine, oil drilling businesses and oil suppliers in the Singapore market have suffered massive losses (Liao and Suen, 2016). The sudden drop down in prices has limited the oil production in Singapore as the cost of output and profitability margins have been the major issues. The sustainable decline in the crude oil prices has forced the oil drilling businesses to reduce the exploration and oil production to a larger extent. Hence, the article provides a proper understanding of the facts that are occurring in the Singapore economy in the recent years. The articles relates to the economic subjects that are taught in class such as economic downturn due to the fall of price of the oil. Furthermore, the article discusses certain policies that are implemented by the government of Singapore to overcome the challenges going on in the Singapore oil industry. Conclusion Due to the slump in the oil prices, a rare economic incident has occurred to Singapore economy as Singapore has seen deflation for the first time in last five years. Incredibly, the prices of the products have been fallen in a significant way creating relief for the public of Singapore. On the other flip, the downtrend of oil prices has created an adverse impact on the real estate market as the property market is facing significant headwinds. The beneficiary from the falling oil prices is quite limited as merely the consumers and oil-intensive businesses are the leading gainers. Meanwhile, oil-related business enterprises such as marine organisations and oil-rig building companies have observed reverse in the business environment seeing orders reduced. References Cheon, A. and Urpelainen, J. (2012). Oil prices and energy technology innovation: An empirical analysis.Global Environmental Change, 22(2), pp.407-417. Liao, H. and Suen, Y. (2016). Dating Breaks for Global Crude Oil Prices and Their Volatility: A Possible Price Band for Global Crude Prices.Energy Studies Review, 14(2). Lim, L. (2016).Little cheer for Singapores economy despite lower oil prices: Analysts. Soh, A. (2016).Low oil prices: Consumers benefited more than industries last year. [online] The Business Times. The Straits Times. (2015).Oil price rout: How falling oil prices impact the Singapore economy, businesses and consumers.

Status and Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Program of Oriental Mindoro Provincila Jail free essay sample

The first step in rehabilitation effort is to provide the basic needs of inmate as human being. The other steps in the rehabilitation processes are the provision of work programs, health care, education and skills training, recreation and sports, religious guidance and behavior modification using the therapeutic community approach. Thus, the study determined the correlation on the status and effectiveness of Rehabilitation Program of the Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail. The study employed descriptive-correlation method to gather information about the present condition and to determine whether variables were related to one another using self-prepared questionnaire. The respondents of the study were the 60 inmates who were selected using purposive random sampling. The study found out that Rehabilitation Program of Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail was known to the community because some people know what were the activities of the inmates inside the Provincial Jail. We will write a custom essay sample on Status and Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Program of Oriental Mindoro Provincila Jail or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The public lacks information regarding the Rehabilitation Program of the Provincial Jail. Among the programs, spiritual development was the best program inside the Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail. The status is related to the level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program. Finally, Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail should continuously practice and improve the Rehabilitation Program by considering good governance and effective public administration. Information regarding the Rehabilitation Program should be disseminated properly and widespread by organizing meetings, by providing flyers and posting tarpaulins or banners for the private sectors, non-governmental organizations and people’s organizations. They may be encouraged to contribute in maintaining the vocational skill training, recreation, education, values formation and spiritual development. A similar study should be conducted to other provincial jails in the country to verify the findings of the study. Keywords: Rehabilitation Program, correlation analysis, good governance, effective public administration and information dissemination - Bernadeth Palomera De Guzman is an Instructor I at the Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology (MinSCAT), Calapan City Campus. Dr. Christian Anthony C. Agutaya is the Deputy Research Director at the Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology (MinSCAT), Calapan City Campus. Objectives 1. Describe the status of the Rehabilitation Program in terms: 1. 1 supervision 1. 2 rules and regulations 1. 3. cooperation of inmates? 2. Describe the level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of: 2. 1 vocational skill training 2. 2 recreation 2. 3 education 2. 4 values formation 2. 5 spiritual development? 3. Describe the significant relationship between the status and level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program. Describe if there is a significant difference on the status of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of supervision, rules and regulation and cooperation of inmates. 5. Describe if there is a significant difference on the level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of vocational skill training, recreation, education, values formation and spiritual development. Theoretical Framework This study were anchored on the following reviews of management and motivation theories. The Expectancy Theory of Motivation by Vroom (2005) holds that people are motivated to do things and to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of the goal they set and if they can see that what they do will help them achieve it. Luther (2005) subscribes and said that everything done in the world is done in hope. (Santos, 2010) Vroom (2005) expanded that peoples motivation toward doing anything is largely determined by the value placed on the outcome and output of their effort(whether positive or negative), that is, multiplied by the confidence they have and their efforts will materially aid in achieving a goal. He pointed out that motivation is a product of the anticipated worth that an individual places on a goal and the chances he or she sees of achieving a goal, thus: (Force = valence x expectancy) where force is the strength of the persons motivation; valence is the strength of an individuals preference for an outcome; and expectancy, the probability that a particular action will lead to the desired outcome. (Santos, 2010) The precepts of the theory lend credence and basis to the present research study. The Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail is institutionalized with multifarious objectives to accomplish and attain wherein its members are driven and motivated to maintain peace, order and establish the atmosphere of trust among women, children and youth by implementing the legal framework of peace keeping. In every effort taken by the Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail it anticipates that positive results could be achieved because it fully perceives of overwhelming support it derives from the people aside from the fact that it has been endowed with technical, financial and human resources to succeed in its endeavor. Another theory which relates to the operations and services of thesis the Systems Theory to Operational Management by Weirich and Koontz (2003). They emphasized that an organized enterprise does not, of course, exist in a vacuum. It is rather dependent on its external environment which is a part of a larger system to which it belongs, the economic system and society. Thus, the enterprise receives inputs, transforms them, and exports the outputs to the environment. (Griffin, 2009) The inputs from the external environment include people, capital and managerial kills as well as technical knowledge and skills. Various groups of people make demands on the enterprise. Basically, managers transform the inputs, in an effective and efficient manner, into outputs. The transformation process can be viewed from different perspectives, thus, one can focus on such diverse enterprise functions as finance, production, personnel and marketing. Particularly, the transformation processes are viewed according to an approach to management. The relationship of the theory to the present research study points the significance of resources available at the Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail, which it needs to use very effectively in implementing rehabilitation program. These resources, of whatever types and kinds, largely contribute to the success of the programs prepared for women, children and youth especially if proper management of resources used is planned together by the group. However, the insufficiency of the resources, may mean a partial or total failure. Meanwhile, the responses and reception of beneficiaries to the program are also valuable in determining the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program of Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail, thus, the Provincial Jail could manifest satisfaction because it has been able to create better output from the inputs it has transformed. The Contingency Theory to Leadership as advanced by Fiedler (2003) is also related to the current research study. Contingency theory holds that people become leaders not only because of the attributes of their personalities but also because of various situational factors and the interactions between leaders and group members. (Carlos, 2007) Fiedler (2003) identifies three critical areas of leadership which help determine how leadership could be most effective, hence: position power; task structure; and leader-member relations are presented below: a. ) Position Power distinguishes a person from one another based on the power endowed to him. This helps leaders get members comply with directions and rules advocated by an organization. b. ) Task structure helps leaders in spelling out tasks to be assigned to a member whom leaders hold responsible for them. c. ) Leader-member relations determines how each and every member of an organization comes to like, trust and follow the leader. All concepts of an organization incorporated in the preceding theory are binding to the present research. It is the researchers view that Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail plans, implements and evaluates its Rehabilitation Program based on how the organization is set up and expected to function as guided by some standard operating procedures and orders. The Chief of Operations is definitely followed and whose power and authority are perceived with due high respect, however, the same has to treat subject his members with due respect and dignity. This is how the Provincial Jail as the organization functions, because it is an structured, hierarchically ordered and the leaders/members conceived of the significant contributions of their respective roles to the implementation of peace keeping thrusts. From all the three foregoing theories, the Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail derives its power, basis and thoughts of planning and implementing a program. The Systems Approach to Operational Management, of all situations, is properly fitted and most related to the present research study. In general, the operations and services rendered by the Provincial Jail are dependent upon the kind of management practice and techniques adhered to by the PNP organization. All the three enumerated theories are quite similar to each other because each one of them has concentration on effective organizational function as influenced by the fundamental principles of motivation, leadership, and management. These theories properly represent all of the variables used in this research. As such status of the peace and order program of the Provincial Jail may be anchored on the precepts of Vrooms Theory of Motivation. Level of contribution and extent of effectiveness of operational services of the Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail may be incorporated in either Systems Approach to Operational Management by Weirich and Koontz and the Contingency Theory of Leadership by Fiedler. Conceptual Model Based on the theoretical discussions, the conceptual model is drawn below. IV DV Figure 1 Hypothesized Relationship and Difference Between Variables Figure 1 presents the conceptual model of the study. Two variables are included in the study. The independent variable is the status of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of supervision, rules and regulations and cooperation of inmates. The dependent variable is the level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of a vocational skill training, recreation, education, values formation and spiritual development. METHODOLOGY The study employed descriptive –correlation method to gather information about the present condition and to determine whether variables were related to one another using self-prepared questionnaire. The respondents of the study were 60 inmates who were selected using purposive random sampling. The study used weighted mean and Pearson’s Product Moment of Correlation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I. Status of Rehabilitation Program 1. 1 Supervision Table 1. 1 presents the mean perception of the detainee-respondents in terms of supervision. Result show the mean status of rehabilitation program of respondents in terms of supervision which recorded the overall mean score of 3. 70 described as high extent. Remarkably respondents perceived that the â€Å"jail personnel supervise closely the inmates† with mean score of 3. 96 described as high extent which fall in the highest rank. Then second highest rank is â€Å"performs their task and duty properly† with mean score of 3. 73 described as high extent. Likewise the second and fourth items which are â€Å"focuses supervising the inmates† and â€Å"determine the value of leadership† with mean score of 3. 65 described as high extent. And having the lowest rank is â€Å"evaluates inmate in every program† with mean score of 3. 52 described as high extent. This implies that the national standard assessment and satisfaction requirements based on Bureau of correction qualification framework implemented by Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail was followed and complied by the jail personnel. Then it appears that all of them can cope up with the current set up of competency jail personnel. Table 1. 1 Mean status of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of supervision ItemsMeanRank Description 1. Jail personnel supervises closely the inmates. 2. Jail personnel focuses on supervising the inmates. 3. Assigned personnel evaluates the inmate in every program. 4. Jail personnel determines the value of leadership. 5. Jail personnel performs their task and duty properly. 3. 96 3. 65 3. 52 3. 65 3. 731 3. 5 5 3. 5 2 High Extent High Extent High Extent High Extent High Extent Overall Mean 3. 70 High Extent 1. 2 Rules and Regulations Table 1. 2 presents the mean perception of all the detainee-respondents in terms of rules and regulation. Results recorded the overall mean score of 3. 76 described as high extent. Based on the table, â€Å"the rules and regulation are clearly define† marks greatly implication on the respondents perception, this was indicated by the mean score of 3. 90 which described as high extent. Likewise the second, third, fourth and last items were also described high extent as evidence by the mean score of 3. 76, 3. Probably this was indication of respondent satisfaction on the rules and regulation inside the provincial jail. Thus detainees may not all follow the rules and regulation inside the jail but they will easily adopt and learn what rules and regulation is all about. Table 1. 2 Mean status of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of rules and regulations Items MeanRankDescription 1. Rules and regulations are clearly define. 2. All information are disseminated properly. 3. Rules and regulation encourages the inmates to participate in all programs. 4. Rules and regulation helps inmates understand the programs and activities. 5. Rules and regulations are appropriate for all inmates. 3. 90 3. 70 3. 75 3. 77 3. 701 4. 5 3 2 4. 5High Extent High Extent High Extent High Extent High Extent Overall Mean 3. 76 High Extent 1. 3 Cooperation of Inmates Table 1. 3 presents the mean perception of the detainee-respondents in terms of cooperation of inmates. With the overall mean score of 3. 77, respondents perceived that the cooperation of inmates were high extent. This show that having the highest mean is it â€Å"shows the success of program† with mean score of 3. All the items described as high extent as evidence by the mean score of 3. 87, 3. 80, and 3. 68 indicates what cooperation of inmates can do for their program. Although respondents perception on â€Å"emphasizes inmates initiative† with mean score of 3. 60 marked as the lowest rank, which was described as high extent. It is interesting to note that the jail personnel’s commitment to perform their functions and high level dedication to the rehabilitation program was really appreciated by all the detainees through the cooperation of inmates. Table 1. Mean status of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of cooperation of inmates ItemsMeanRankDescription 1. Cooperation of inmates establishes harmonious relationship among others. 2. Rehabilitation program encourages inmate become a good person. Cooperation and coordination of inmates shows good attitude and behavior. 4. Rehabilitation program emphasizes inmates initiative. 5. Cooperation and coordination of inmates shows the success of program. 3. 68 3. 87 3. 80 3. 60 3. 90 4 2 3 5 1 High Extent High Extent High Extent High Extent High Extent Overall Mean 3. 77 High Extent 2. Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Program 2. 1 Vocational Skill Training Table 2. 1 presents the mean perception of the detainee-respondents in terms of vocational skill training. Results marked the overall mean score of 3. 62 described as effective. This shows that having the highest mean is â€Å"vocational skill training provides good opportunities for every inmates† with mean score of 3. 80 described as effective, followed by â€Å"reduces institutional violence and offense† with mean score of 3. 70 described as effective, followed by â€Å"involves the community in the re-entry process of inmates† with mean score of 3. Which described as effective, followed by â€Å"focuses on the job readiness of inmates† with mean score of 3. 50 described as effective. On the other hand respondents perception on â€Å"activities motivates inmate to a therapeutic model† with mean score of 3. 45 falls on the last rank which was described as effective. Probably this is the indication of respondents satisfaction on the vocational skill training under rehabilitation program for inmates inside the jail. Table 2. 1 Mean level effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of vocational skill training ItemsMeanRankDescription 1. Vocational skill training program focuses on the job readiness of inmates. 2. Vocational skill training provides good opportunities for every inmates. 3. Vocational skill training program reduces institutional violence and offenses. 4. Vocational skill training activities motivates inmate to a therapeutic model. 5. Vocational skill training involves the community in the re-entry process of inmates. 3. 50 3. 80 3. 70 3. 45 3. 65 4 1 2 5 3Effective Effective Effective Moderately Effective Effective Overall Mean 3. 62 Effective 2. 2 Recreation Table 2. Presents the mean perception of the detainee-respondents in terms of recreation with the overall mean score of 3. 50 respondents perceived that recreation were effective. This shows that having the highest mean is â€Å"develops good sportsmanship among inmates† with mean score of 3. 88, followed by â€Å"promotes camaraderie among inmates† with mean score of 3. 57 described as effective, followed by â€Å"available use of variety shows† with mean score of 3. 55 described as effective. Otherwise, the fourth and last items were described as moderately effective as evidence by the mean score of 3. This means that recreation through the rehabilitation program has a good impact to the inmates. Table 2. 2 Mean level effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of recreation ItemsMeanRankDescription 1. Sports activities are indoor and outdoor program. 2. Sports center have adequate recreational facilities. 3. Sports competition promotes camaraderie among inmates. 4. Sports activities develops good sportsmanship among inmates. Musical instruments available for use of variety shows. 3. 40 3. 08 3. 57 3. 88 3. 554 5 2 1 3Moderately Effective Moderately Effective Effective Effective Effective Overall Mean 3. 50 Effective 2. 3 Education Table 2. 3 presents the mean perception of the detainee-respondents in terms of supervision. Result shows the mean level effectiveness of rehabilitation program in terms of education which recorded the overall mean score of 3. 88 described as effective. Remarkably respondents perceived that â€Å"inmates become involve in positive life changing opportunity† with mean score of 4. Described as effective marks as the highest rank. All the items described as effective, indicates what is the impact of education in the program. The next rank is offer at least basic education programming with mean score of 3. 93 described as effective, followed by â€Å"offer education at no cost† with mean score of 3. 90 described as effective, followed by â€Å"reduces likelihood of recidivism† with mean score of 3. 80 described as effective. Although respondents perception on â€Å"programming as a public service† 3. 73 described as effective which falls on the lowest rank. This means that education program is really existing and functioning. Table 2. 3 Mean level effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of education ItemsMeanRankDescription 1. Educational program helps inmate become involved in positive life changing opportunity. 2. Educational program for inmates offers at least basic education programming. 3. Educational program for inmates offers programming as a public service. 4. Educational program offers education at no cost. 5. Educational program reduces the likelihood of recidivism. 4. 03 3. 93 3. 73 3. 90 3. 801 2 5 3 4Effective Effective Effective Effective Effective Overall Mean 3. 88 Effective 2. 4 Values Formation Table 2. 4 presents the mean perception of the detainee-respondents in terms of values formation. Result shows the mean level effectiveness of rehabilitation program in terms of values formation which recorded the overall mean of 3. 91 described as effective. This shows that having the highest mean is â€Å"inmate become a good person† with mean score of 4. 07 described as effective. Likewise the second, third fourth and last item were also described as effective as evidence by 3. 95, 3. 87 and 3. 80. Probably this was indication of respondents satisfaction on the values formation under rehabilitation program inside the provincial jail. Table 2. 4 Mean level effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of values formation ItemsMeanRankDescription 1. Rehabilitation program helps inmates in a new lifestyle. 2. Rehabilitation program encourages inmate become a good person. 3. Values formation program offers good and approachable behavior. 4. Rehabilitation program provides some activities concerning values and attitude. 5. Rehabilitation program emphasizes the importance of values of every inmates. 3. 87 4. 07 3. 95 3. The mean perception of the detainee-respondents in terms of spiritual development. Result show the mean level effectiveness of rehabilitation program in terms of spiritual development which recorded the overall mean of 4. 37 described as effective. This show that having the highest mean is â€Å"conduct regular mass† with mean score of 4. 50 described as very effective. Then having the second highest mean is â€Å"provide weekly religious activities ranging from the bible† with mean score of 4. Described as effective, followed by the â€Å"volunteer religious officers belongs from different churches† with mean score of 4. 33 described as effective. On the other hand respondents perception on first and second items having the same mean which are â€Å"enjoy freedom of religion† and â€Å"help inmates in their new life style† with mean score of 4. 30 falls on the last rank which was described as effective. This means that religious volunteer and chaplain have initiative and concern with the inmates through the program implemented. Table 2. 5 Mean level effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program in terms of spiritual development ItemsMeanRankDescription 1. Inmates enjoy freedom of religion. 2. Assigned religious guidance adviser or chaplain helps inmate in their new life style. 3. Religious volunteer officers belongs to different church. 4. Chaplain and guidance provides weekly religious activities ranging from bible. 5. Chaplain conducts a regular catholic mass. 4. 30 4. 30 4. 33 4. 40 4. 504. 5 4. 5 3 2 1Effective Effective Effective Effective Very Effective Overall Mean 4. 37 Effective 3. Is there a significant relationship between the status and level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program? Table 3 presents the correlation analysis between the status and level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program. Based on the foregoing correlational analysis, the computer r-values of 0. 282, 0. 440, 0. 510, 0. 481, 0. 353, 0. 523, 0. 483, 0. 542, 0. 514, 0. 376, 0. 341, 0. 573, 0. 455, 0. 580 and 0. 383 were greater than the critical r-value of 0. 273 at 5% level of significance with 54 degrees of freedom. There was a significant relationship between the status and level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program. Findings imply that the program is properly managed. This may be attributed to the willingness and cooperation of the respondents to the implementation of good management and supervision in vocational skill training, recreation, education, values formation and spiritual development. The findings is best supported by the Social Change Theory by Durkheim and Economic Development by Myrdal which states that economic development only occurs in the community if the need is perceived by the people who depend on the social, economic and political agenda of the nation. It is further explained that for an economic structural change to be very meaningful, it has to create changes in attitudes, institutions and policies or often deemed very necessary (Cuasay, 2010). In connection with the previous mentioned, Social Change and Economic Development Theories are also worth mentioning for the justification of the study’s findings that the status is significantly related to the level of effectiveness of the Program. Table 3. Correlation analysis between the status and level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program IVDV Vocational Skills Training r-valueRecreation r-valueEducation r-valueValues Formation r-valueSpiritual Development r-value Supervision0. 282*0. 440*0. 510*0. 481*0. 353* Rule and Regulation0. 523*0. 483*0. 542*0. 514*0. 376* Cooperation of Inmates0. 341*0. 573*0. 455*0. 580*0. 383* *significant critical r-value: 0. 273 degrees of freedom: 54 level of significance: 5% Conclusions Based on the foregoing findings, the following conclusions are hereby presented: 1. Among the Rehabilitation Program the cooperation of inmates is the most preferred program by the personnel. 2. Among the program the spiritual development is the best program inside the Provincial Jail. 3. There is a significant relationship between the status and level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program. Recommendations 1. Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail should continuously practice and improve the Rehabilitation Program by considering good governance and effective public administration. 2. Information regarding the Rehabilitation Program should be disseminated properly and widespread by organizing meetings, by providing flyers and posting tarpaulins or banners for the private sectors, non-governmental organizations and people’s organizations. They may be encourage to contribute in maintain the vocational skill training, recreation, education, values formation and spiritual development. 3. Further studies should be conducted about the management practices and financial resources because these maybe the other factors that might be related to the status and level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program. Replication of the study should be conducted on the differences of the perceptions of local government units, community and other stakeholders on the status and level of effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Program. 5. A similar study should be conducted to other provincial jails in the country to verify the findings of the study. 6. Oriental Mindoro Provincial Jail should add other rehabilitation program that might be helpful to the inmates lifestyle while inside the jail. 7. Jail personnel inside the jail should maintain the good and harmonious relationship with the inmates so that conflict will not arise among them.