Cartesian Doubt Essay Example For Students

Cartesian Doubt Essay In his first reflection, Descartes sets out with astounding clearness and tirelessness to free himself from each bogus thought that he has obtained past to this, and figure out what he genuinely knows. To free him of these spoiled apples he has built up a technique for question with an objective to develop an allowance of faith based expectations on establishments which are undeniable. On these establishments, Descartes applies three degrees of incredulity, which thusly, produce three levels at which our musings might be misled by error.Descartes states expressly in the outline, that we can question everything which are material as long as we have no establishments for the sciences other than those which we have had up till now(synopsis:12). This incredulity additionally infers that uncertainty can liberate us from partialities, empowering the psyche to get away from the double dealing of the faculties, and perhaps find a fact which is certain. The first and primary duplicity in Desc artes assessment has advanced from sense perceptionWhat ever I have up till now acknowledged as most obvious I have obtained either from the faculties or throughthe sense. Yet, now and again I have discovered that the faculties mislead, and it is reasonable never to trust totally the individuals who have tricked us even once(1:1813).At the base of our convictions, Descartes contends, lie the encounters we gain from our senses,because these are some of the time mixed up, as on account of illusions or articles which show up little out yonder, and in light of this he will currently relinquish the entirety of his most solid data . All the more critically it might be to follow in the means of Plato and require information that is sure and total ( Prado 1992 ). This contention comprises of four primary premises:1. All that he has acknowledged as obvious so far, he has obtained by the faculties or Cartesian Doubt32. be that as it may, every so often these faculties have been beguiling. 3. It is astute not to believe whatever has been beguiling in the past4. Accordingly, it is conceivable to be mixed up about everything. In premise one his convictions are gotten from the faculties, for example, he sees that he has a paper in his grasp and infers that it is a paper, and what is implied by through the faculties, is that his convictions may have been founded on others sense understanding. All Descartes requires for the subsequent reason is the likelihood that he may have been beguiled, for in the event that he can't conclude which isn't right, than he should not have any information. This prompts the third reason where it appears in any event sensible to accept, that on the off chance that one has been beguiled beforehand, there is noabsolute confirmation that it is by and by right. Along these lines, there is an opportunity of being misled about everything. Be that as it may, numerous pundits will contend that few of these bogus percepts can be amended by methods for elective detects, for example, he bowed stick in water model. In spite of the fact that our sight might be fooled into believing that the illusion exists, by utilizing the feeling of touch we can address this wrongness, and reveal what genuinely exists. Descartes does withdraw, and survey the harm from his first level by saying, there are numerous different convictions about which uncertainty is very outlandish, despite the fact that they are gotten from the faculties for instance, that I am here, sitting by the fire, wearing a winterdressing outfit.. (1:1812). Here even he items to the legitimacy of his contention, regardless of whether he could be misled about anything he sees, this doesn't meanthat he is beguiled about everything. Because his faculties are temperamental on occasion isn't confirmation enough that everything on the planet is bogus (Williams 1991). Notwithstanding being silly, Descartes accepts we can be deceived by franticness or craziness. Since the individuals who are crazy may decipher things detachedfrom reality by methods for their faculties, how might it be denied that these hands or this entire body are mine? Except if maybe I were to compare myself to maniacs, the diligent fumes of despondency (1:19 13), they in reality accept these percepts to be valid. Despite the fact that Descartes proceeds to state such individuals are crazy, and I would be thought similarly frantic on the off chance that I accepting anything from them as a model for myself, and proceeds by comparing the fantasies he has to the encounters a lunatic appearances when conscious. From here Descartes makes a more grounded contention for raising doubt about his presence of mind convictions, the likelihood that he may be dreaming, that each feeling and each sense observation appears to him just in a fantasy. Since there is consistently a likelihood that we may in actuality be dreaming, this speculation is done to incite his confidence truly and the faculties, to get the supreme conviction of how things may show up or feel (Prado 1992). His view on this is taken from the way that when dreaming, similar sorts of mental states and emotions are available as when we are alert, How regularly, sleeping around evening time , I am persuaded of simply such a natural occasion thatI am here in my robe, sitting by the fire-when in certainty I am lying stripped in bed (1:1913). Since there is no total route in deciding the waking state from the dreaming state, with regards to detect understanding, we are no happier wakeful than sleeping. In this manner our judgment must be su spended in any event, when we are certain that our state is that of waking since we obviously have no motivation to accept that impacts look like their causes in the waking state, since they plainly don't in the dreaming state (Prado, 1992). The main way we can stay away from the suspension of judgment is just in the event that we have a standard to figure out where reality exists (Williams 1986).To utilize the contention of the stick being bowed in water, what sense is it that we ought to accept, when we have no device to decode reality? Subsequently, the suspension of truth works for the uncertainty of he faculties also. The motivation behind why questioning the faculties isn't sufficient to base a completely new arrangement of thoughts, is because of the way that it doesn't raise doubt about all of ones presence of mind convictions, for the portrayals found in dreams are gotten from genuine items, albeit conceivably organized in an alternate way. The considerations and sentiments of a fantasy are genuine, they are similar musings and emotions that happen each day in the waking state. To be apprehensive during a fantasy is a similar inclination experienced if . It is because of the similitudes in sentiments and thought among dreaming and waking, that Descartes can discover ground for question, there are never a definite signs by methods for which being conscious can be recognized from being sleeping (1:1913). This than prompts the everlasting incredulous inquiry : How would i be able to tell whether right now I am alert or snoozing? (Malcolm, 1967).If we take any arrangement of contemplations, feelings or sentiments, it is conceivable that a similar arrangement can happen while dreaming or wakeful. Therefore, we can never be completely clear on whether what we are encountering at that precise second in time is a fantasy, or that of a waking state. In spite of the fact that Prado (1992) demands that Descartes states in the 6th contemplation, that worldly intelligence permits us to disentangle between the waking and dreaming states. The point here then is demonstrate that there is nothing in the waking state to affirm the precision of sense understanding. The way that at some random second our present state could change radically and render the past express a deception, might be sufficient to help his wary nature on in this manner, his second degree of uncertainty (Williams 1991). For whatever length of time that Descartes second degree of uncertainty is acknowledged, we can proceed to his third degree of uncertainty, or what is known as hyperbolical question. Descartes considers our convictions inside dreams when he says that a few convictions stay apparent while others are cleared away by creative mind. Such things as the laws of material science can be broken inside dreams, where different ideas, for example, math or geometry remain unchanged:physics, stargazing, medication and every other order which r ely upon the investigation ofcomposite things, are dicey; while number-crunching, geometry ans different subjects of this kind,which manage the least difficult and most broad things, whether or not they reallyexist in nature or not, contain something certain and unquestionable. (1:2014)He concludes that specific things which are acknowledged all around, for example, arithmetic, are verifiable. The fantasy speculation isn't sufficient to uncertainty such things as science, as we might be dreaming that there seems a square before us, yet we can't question our explanation, with the end goal that it has four sides, or that there is just one square that we see and not a few. He proceeds onward to talk about the starting points of our convictions, and the job of an all-powerful God. He accepts that there is a God, because of the way that this thought of God is solidly established in his brain, and he likewise accepts that this transcendent God would not hoodwink him since he is especially acceptable. He inspects the supposition that God is great and supreme, and thusly the hotspot for the entirety of our contemplations and thoughts. Since Descartes is forsaking the entirety of his old convictions, this would propose that God attempted to bamboozle him. He asks why such an ideal God would bamboozle him, and figures it must be dubious. Cartesian Doubt7Now Descartes envisions that God isn't the person who is beguiling him, yet as a matter of fact a malignant devil, who with misleading force, embeds deceptions, I will assume in this way that not God, who is remarkably acceptable and the wellspring of truth, yet rather some malevolent evil spirit the very pinn acle of intensity and tricky has utilized every one of his energies so as to bamboozle me (1:2215). While figuring out what is available to question, Descartes fiendish evil spirit theory helpfully makes a being who is supreme and who utilizes the force exclusively to deceive.What Descartes accomplishes is making tricky a large group of thoughts he engages as results of reason , restricted to results of the faculties, which the fantasy speculation deals with (Prado 1992). In spite of the fact that L.G. Mill operator (1992) recommends that the recommendations of science endure the observation and dream contentions, however just to be disrupted by the double crosser God speculation

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Essay on Geoffrey Chaucers The Shipmans Tale - 1182 Words

The Shipman’s Tale The Shipman’s Tale, one of the many tales in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, is exactly suited to the Shipman’s personality and profession as given in â€Å"The Prologue.† The shipman is described by Chaucer in the prologue as very sneaky, deceitful, and even pirate-like. The Shipman’s tale matches his personality and profession because The Shipman’s Tale is one of trickery and con. The monk in the tale tricks both the merchant and the merchant’s wife out of their money. He also uses his relationship with the merchant to his advantage, because he knows the merchant would never suspect him of having sex with his wife. The shipman is also portrayed in the prologue to have no sense of remorse or feelings of sorrow.†¦show more content†¦Wanting to know the whole story, John promised to keep it a secret and the wife then proceeded to tell him more. She said that her husband was the worst man to ev er exist since the world began. She also admits that she owes a debt of 100 francs and asks the monk for the money instead of humiliatingly asking her husband. The monk agrees to get her 100 francs under the condition that she has sex with him in return. The wife agrees to these terms. That evening the three had dinner together, after which the monk took the merchant aside and asked him if he could borrow 100 francs. He told the merchant it was going to be used to purchase cattle and the merchant handed over the money without hesitation. The following day, the merchant was on his way to Bruges. The following Sunday, the monk, remembering the promise the wife made, showed up at the house with the 100 francs. He and the merchant’s wife then proceeded to have sex for the entire night. When the merchant returned he was eager to see his wife and tell her about his business transactions. But first, he went right to the abbey to see his friend the monk. He and the monk were happy to see each other and after they had a conversation about the merchant’s trip, the monk mentioned that he had left the 100 francs he owed to the merchant with his wife. Once the merchant got home, he met his wife at the gate, told her his stories and then continued to enjoy a night in bed with her. When they wereShow MoreRelatedGeoffrey Chaucers The Shipmans Tale1520 Words   |  6 PagesThe structure and characters of Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Shipman’s Tale warp the traditional in order to create a thriving network for exchange. Stylistically, this particular tale utilizes common conventions of the fabliau: sex, trickery, and poetic justice. That being said, The Shipman’s Tale is completely void of an overall moral message—a key element in the genre. Instead, there is a focus on the presence of male and female characters who work to fulfill an individual agenda, and on the â€Å"[explorationRead MoreEssay on Chaucer and the Seven Deadly Sins723 Word s   |  3 PagesIn the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer the tales expose a common, universal truth which is the seven deadly sins. In the Tales the characters in the stories struggle with the temptation of not obeying the sins which incorporates and suggest why the pilgrims telling the stories are in fact on the pilgrimage. The pilgrims in the Canterbury Tales are on a pilgrimage to Canterbury to seek spiritual renewal for the sin or sins that they have committed. In the prologue of the Tales it writes, â€Å"PeopleRead MoreEssay on The Portrayal of the Clergy in the Canterbury Tales1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Portrayal of Religion and the Clergy in The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales, felt that the Churchs turmoil experienced during the fourteenth century contributed to the a declining trust of clergy and left the people spiritually devastated. The repeated epidemics that the European Church experienced weakened the church by highlighting the clergys inability to face adversity. The clergys inability to provide relief for the people during a period of suffering didRead MoreMarriage And The Role Of Women2150 Words   |  9 Pagesbought and fondled with; they are not allowed to control their lives. Geoffrey Chaucer took part in telling the story of how many women acted in the 14th century and how the women were portrayed at this time. Chaucer’s views on marriage are made very clear throughout The Canterbury Tales. He used the five marriage tales: â€Å"The Shipman’s Tale, â€Å"The Wife’s Prologue†, â€Å"The Clark’s Tale†, â€Å"The Merchant’s Tale†, and â€Å" The Franklin’s Tale† to express his views on marriage, â€Å"I was struck most strongly by how

How Peer Review Works in the Social Sciences

Peer review, at least in intent, is the way the editors of academic journals attempt to keep the quality of articles in their publications high, and assure (or attempt to assure) that poor or fallacious research does not get published. The process is tied up with political and economic issues involving tenure and pay scales, in that an academic who participates in the peer review process (whether as author, editor, or reviewer) gets rewarded for that participation in an increase in reputation which can lead to an increase in pay scales, rather than direct payment for services rendered. In other words, none of the people involved in the review process is paid by the journal in question, with the sole exception (maybe) of one or more editorial assistants. The author, editor, and reviewers all do this for the prestige involved in the process; they are generally paid by the university or business that employs them, and in many cases, that pay is contingent upon obtaining publication in peer-reviewed journals. The editorial assistance is generally provided in part by the editors university and in part by the journal. The Review Process The way academic peer review works (at least in the social sciences), is that a scholar writes an article and submits it to a journal for review. The editor reads it over and finds between three and seven other scholars to review it. The reviewers selected to read and comment on the scholars article are chosen by the editor based on their reputations in the specific field of the article, or whether they are mentioned in the bibliography, or if they are personally known to the editor. Sometimes the author of a manuscript suggests some reviewers. Once a list of reviewers is drawn up, the editor removes the name of the author from the manuscript and forwards a copy to the chosen stout hearts. Then time passes, a lot of time, generally, between two weeks and several months. When the reviewers have all returned their comments (made directly on the manuscript or in a separate document), the editor makes a preliminary decision about the manuscript. Is it to be accepted as is? (This is very rare.) Is it to be accepted with modifications? (This is typical.) Is it to be rejected? (This last cases is also fairly rare, depending on the journal.) The editor strips out the identity of the reviewers and sends along the comments and her preliminary decision about the manuscript to the author. If the manuscript was accepted with modifications, it is then up to the author to make changes until the editor is satisfied that the reviewers reservations are met. Eventually, after several rounds of back and forth, the manuscript is published. The period from submission of a manuscript to publication in an academic journal generally takes anywhere from six months to over a year. Problems with Peer Review Problems inherent in the system include the time sink between submission and publication, and the difficulty obtaining reviewers who have the time and inclination to give thoughtful, constructive reviews. Petty jealousies and full blown political differences of opinion are difficult to restrain in a process where no one is made accountable for a specific set of comments on a particular manuscript, and where the author has no ability to correspond directly with her reviewers. However, it must be said that many argue that the anonymity of the blind review process allows a reviewer to freely state what he or she believes about a particular paper without fear of reprisal. The burgeoning of the internet in the first decade of the 21st century has made a huge difference in the way articles are published and made available: the peer review system is often problematic in these journals, for a number of reasons. Open access publishing--in which free draft or completed articles are published and made available to anyone--is a wonderful experiment that has had some hitches in getting started. In a 2013 paper in Science, John Bohannen described how he submitted 304 versions of a paper on a bogus wonder drug to open-access journals, over half of which were accepted. Recent Findings In 2001, the journal Behavioral Ecology changed its peer review system from one which identified the author to reviewers (but reviewers remained anonymous) to a completely blind one, in which both author and reviewers are anonymous to one another. In a 2008 paper, Amber Budden and colleagues reported that statistics comparing the articles accepted for publication before and after 2001 indicated that significantly more women have been published in BE since the double-blind process began. Similar ecological journals using single-blind reviews over the same period do not indicate a similar growth in the number of woman-authored articles, leading researchers to believe that the process of double-blind review might assist with the glass ceiling effect. Sources Bohannon J. 2013. Whos afraid of peer review? Science 342:60-65. Budden AE, Tregenza T, Aarssen LW, Koricheva J, Leimu R, and Lortie CJ. 2008. Double-blind review favours increased representation of female authors. Trends in Ecology Evolution 23(1):4-6. Carver M. 2007. Archaeology journals, academics and open access. European Journal of Archaeology 10(2–3):135–148. Chilidis K. 2008. New knowledge versus consensus – a critical note on their relationship based on the debate concerning the use of barrel-vaults in Macedonian tombs. European Journal of Archaeology 11(1):75–103. Etkin A. 2014. A New Method and Metric to Evaluate the Peer Review Process of Scholarly Journals. Publishing Research Quarterly 30(1):23-38. Gould THP. 2012. The Future of Peer Review: Four Possible Options to Nothingness. Publishing Research Quarterly 28(4):285-293. Vanlandingham SL. 2009. Extraordinary Examples of Deception in Peer Reviewing: Concoction of the Dorenberg Skull Hoax and Related Misconduct. 13th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics: International Symposium on Peer Reviewing. Orlando, Florida. Vesnic-Alujevic L. 2014. Peer Review and Scientific Publishing in Times of Web 2.0. Publishing Research Quarterly 30(1):39-49. Weiss B. 2014. Opening Access: Publics, Publication, and a Path to Inclusion. Cultural Anthropology 29(1):1-2.

Playing A Sport Is Tough Enough As It Is, Things Such As

Playing a sport is tough enough as it is, things such as training, potential for injuries, mental preparation and making sure the team reaches their full potential are all factors. Now, imagine not feeling like a part of that team because of the person you want to love. I was fortunate enough to be able to get a first hand look into what being a gay athlete is like. My ex teammate and friend Ryan Houchen, great athlete, even better person. Ryan himself is a homosexual athlete, he played hockey for Metro State as well as the University of Colorado Denver. He, as well as others, are seeing that more and more gay athletes are emerging and as Ryan says, â€Å"Things are definitely on the up†. What he means by this is that it is becoming more†¦show more content†¦These are shocking statistic really, when asking Ryan about his comfort level with his team he said, â€Å"It was okay, I never felt physically threatened...†. He did say however, that he did never feel qui te like a part of the team due to his sexuality. Another aspect of homophobia affecting gays in sports is the homophobic slurs used in the locker room and on the field, granted, Ryan said that even in day to day life he never felt harmed or hurt by homophobic slurs. However, it is still a major problem in sports. 89 percent of homosexuals heard or felt targeted by homosexual slurs, according to the study. In my interview with Ryan I asked him if the culture of the locker room needed to be the first thing to change, he said â€Å"Absolutely, sometimes it has to start from within a team and then that positive and encouraging attitude can go on to others.† In my interview with Ryan, he said he never felt targeted but he did hint at the fact that at times the slurs could be excessive, he aimed responsibility of the needed culture change on the coaching staff. He spoke about the coaches on one of the teams he played for previously, who used slurs towards the opposing team, â€Å"Kinda shocked me, but I recognized it was a motivating factor†. Coaches in the sports are ones who need to step up to the plate and make the world of sports more comforting and help homosexuals feel less threatened. Most coaches have or atShow MoreRelatedTough Times Don t Last, Tough People Do912 Words   |  4 PagesTough times don’t last, tough people do. About 200,000 people have this injury every year. It’s the most non-contact injury in sports. If its not taken care of, it can lead you to not being able to play sports ever again. Injuries like these are very serious. Many people don’t always come back from this type of injury. I t can either have you come back better than ever or make you want to give you want to give up. I started playing basketball when I was four years old. My parents wanted us to beRead MoreBo Jackson Info Speech Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesBo Jackson I. Introduction a. No matter what people say, multitasking is one of the hardest things to do. Whether it’s play two sports in high school or work two jobs, it’s tough to handle all that responsibility. I myself played two sports in high school and trying to balance that out with school was a tough enough task in itself. Now imagine having to manage two professional jobs at the same time, well that’s the life Bo Jackson lived, my favorite professional athlete and arguablyRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1381 Words   |  6 Pages I think college athletes should get paid because many college athletes bring in a lot of money for their schools. Not to mention coaches already get paid millions of dollars in college sports. Being a college athlete is a full-time job and a big time commitment. Sometimes college college athletes put in 40 to 60 hours a week for practice, travel, and games. Not to mention they still have to complete their work and get good grades to stay eligible to play so they are left very tired. The NCAA willRead MoreProfessional Soccer Player As A Professional Athlete Player1179 Words   |  5 Pagessuch thing as the dream job? For many, being a professional athlete is like the perfect job. For me, that is too vague. I have done my research, and it is clear to me now what a great job being a professional soccer player is. Soccer players participate in the world’s most popular sport, which is soccer (Facts on File). Although, their job isn’t always just to play the sport. They must also deal with the media and everything the club they are in asks of them. Being a soccer player can be tough, butRead MoreResearch Paper On Paying College Athletes1412 Words   |  6 Pages460,000 NCAA student-athletes that compete in 24 different sports while in college throughout the United States (NCAA). Over the past couple decades, the argument for paying these college athletes has gained steam and is a hot topic in the sports community. However, paying these college athletes is not feasible because most universities do not generate enough revenue to provide them with a salary and some even lose money from the sports programs. These collegiate student-athletes are amateurs andRead MoreCollege Sports And The Negative Side Of Having College957 Words   |  4 Pagesn college sports are important for the physical body, finding jobs when done with college and helping learn and practice time management. Practicing sports while in school at any level is beneficial for the body and brain because it release endorphins and allows the body to retain knowledge. Also, companies look college athletes because the balance school work, sports, and a social life and have a great sense of time management. I want to argue that even though college sports are beneficialRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson947 Words   |  4 PagesRose, but his harsh personality caused him to only be able to show it through tough love. Troy and his son had a complex relationship. They did not outwardly show the affection the held for each other; instead they carried it internally. An approach that was dependent on the history of racism. They needed to come off as strong and any emotions they allowed into play could make them come off as weak. Corey had been playing football and proved to have exceptional abilities in the game. Troy, howeverRead MoreThe Importance Of Sports In Sports1080 Words   |  5 Pagesseventy percent of kids quit sports by age thirteen due to their parents’ pressure and their excuse is â€Å"it is not fun anymore† (Miner). Parents need to understand there is a difference between encouraging their child’s ability and stressing them out (Braff). Although sports are very enjoyable, I believe that if parents push their kids too hard to be the best in sports, it has a negative effect on how they feel about playing the sport because they will get burned out in the sport and they will end up hatingRead MoreIssues Over Paying College Athletes1359 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent years, the issue of paying college athletes has come to the forefront. There is an entire market for college sports and the associations that oversee these college teams, the ones that broadcast their games on television, and the sponsors that support them make a huge profit. This brings the question, why aren’t the students who are giving their time to these sports being paid? There seems to be a misconception that college athletes aren’t being paid and that is wrong. Just in Florida,Read MoreIs Playing A Sport?1619 Words   |  7 PagesPlaying a sport is tough enough as it is, tasks such as training, potential for injuries, mental preparation and making sure the team reaches their full potential are all factors. Now, imagine not feeling like a part of that team due to the person you want to love. I was fortunate enough to be able to have a first-hand look into wha t being a gay athlete is like. My ex-teammate and friend Ryan Houchen, great athlete, even better person. Ryan himself is a homosexual athlete, he played hockey for Metro

Marketing Fashion Strategy Branding and Promotion †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Fashion for Strategy Branding and Promotion. Answer: Introduction All the profit-making organisations set up marketing plan as it helps an organisation to generate greater revenue. An organisations strategy combines with all marketing objectives that may lead to one comprehensive plan. In order to set marketing strategy, an organisation needs to marketing research. Marketing strategy should focus target market of an organisation. Each of the company has its own distinct target market. This report focuses on the Australian based fashion clothing organisation Jeanswest. In the first part of the report, concept of the target market will be discussed with analyzing the selected target market of Jeanswest. In the latter part, marketing strategy of Jeanswest will be analysed through theoretical standpoint. Lastly, recommendations will be given based on the analysis. Jeanswest is an Australia based apparel organisation which as chain stores all over Australia and this organisation is operated under Glorious Sun. Jeanswest operates mainly on casual fashion clothing, jeans, denim, mens clothing and womens clothing. The organisation is famous for collection of blue denim both females and males. Jeanswest has its distinct division for maternity wears for women. Jeanswear organisation has more than 218 stores in all over Australia and New Zealand. In addition, Jeanswest started its journey in the year 1972 when it established its first store in Perth (Jeanswest.com.au. 2017). In the first occasion, this organisation started its business in Western Australia. Glorious Sun made the acquisition of the organisation in the year 1994. However, it has Jeanswest Australia store in Mauritius and in the Middle East. Jeanswest is famous for women denim jeans. This organisation has complete range of women denim and it is famous within the age range between 13 and 40. Blue denim is their best selling product under the category of women section. This organisation has its online store and customers can select their products through images with having various sizes and colour. The indigo denim for women of Jeanswest sells most in Australia for women. The denim looks like the sturdy cotton textile through which the weft in jeans passes under warp threads. The organisation sells the product of women jeans using tag line of Fits Best. The division of women denim ranges vastly, named, high wasted skinny, distressed cop, patched slim and straight jeans. Target Market In order to set a target market of an organisation, it is needed to segregate the market segmentation. Market segmentation can be categorised into four bases. The first one is geographic segmentation and it is based on customers location, region, rural-urban division and classification of customers. As stated by Baker (2014), demographic segmentation is based on age, gender, occupation, socioeconomic group. Behavioural segmentation of customers is based on rate of usage of products, benefits, loyalty status and readiness to buy a product from the organisation's store. Lastly, psychographic segmentation is about personal preferences, lifestyles of customers, class and attitudes of the customers. In this regard, segmentation of Jeanswest makes its market segmentation. This organisation follows the segments of demographic and behavioural bases. In demographic bases, the organisation mainly focuses on ages of the customers. In fashion clothing industry, teenagers and Middle Ages customers opt to choose new fashion clothes. In addition, as these products are costly according to market price, Jeanswest chooses higher earning class. Jeanswest organisation chooses both males and females as their segments of choices as both genders wear denim jeans. Moreover, in behavioural segment, the organisation focuses on loyalty of the customers. Jeanswest has a great customer base in Australia and they started Frequent Flyer' loyalty programme for the customers. This loyalty programme provides great rebate and deals to the selected customers. Therefore, the selected target market of the organisation is teenage section and middle aged individuals in denim jeans. Target market of Jeanswest is mainly upper-class people of Australia as the denim is costly. Blued denim has great demand and mainly women shop regularly from stores all over Australia and these denim jeans cost for women from $99 to $199. Target customers of Jeanswest have repeat purchasing value as this organisation provides loyalty bonus and the customers are ready to purchase new arrivals always. Moreover, the organisation launched Butt Cam jeans for women stating that these jeans have lifetime guarantee with recognition to the valued customers giving discounts up to 15%. In positioning of the products, the organisation selects the stores and it has more than 190 stores in Australia and other stores in New Zealand, China and the Middle East. Most of the stores are in an urban section and these are near metropolitan cities. However, Jeanswest has online stores and people all across Australia can shop from this having discounts. As stated by Weinstein and Cahill, (2014), in case of value proposition, the organisation focuses on fashionable clothing that can afford most of section of target market. Jeanswest strategy to retrain target market is to provide cutting edge fashion and that must have latest styles for women. In addition, in retaining customers, Jeanswest gives large choices to the target customers from which they can choose their clothes. Moreover, organisation reduces manufacture quantity of each product that creates artificial scarcity in the market and target customers start purchasing the products from time it hits the market. Marketing strategy Marketing objectives of the organisation Jeanswest are: To increase customer satisfaction To continue to grow by extending Jeanswest fashion brand globally To extend market share by 5% by the end of 2018 To increase brand awareness among consumers and profitability Jeanswest organisation focuses mainly on the brand loyalty of the organisation and setting a target market with middle ages and teenagers. Jeanswest organisation brings the latest design in world and the customers have the best fabric and blue denim. Marketing of Jeanswest is based on the position in the market. Jeanswest organisation has competitors in the Australia, the competition in market are, David Jones, Myer, Pop-up retail, Country Road and Cue. Jeanswest needs to have a good marketing strategy in order to cope up in market. Philip Kotler stated that marketing mix is a combination that should be controlled by the organisation to motivate customers to buy products. Marketing Mix of Jeanswest: As commented by Hennart (2014), products of an organisation can be both tangible and intangible. All the products of an organisation must have product life cycles. Organisations marketing team should know the unique selling proposition and benefits that products offered. Jeanswest organisation is a fashion brand that makes apparel for both male and females. Jeanswest organisation sells best apparel in market of Australia and their blue denim jeans are famous. Moreover, the organisation has great range of female jeans and blue denim have a great customer base. In addition, this organisation has brought a range of maternity jeans for women with large waist size. Jeanswest organisation researches the market according to the needs and desires of the customers. Their products suit the Australian weather and culture and college going girls and middle aged women largely buy their products. Jeanswest has brought long straight jeans for Middle East women and they have bought Icon jeans for me n. It makes clear that variety and quality both are important for Jeanswest. Price is all about the amount that the end users have to pay for a product. Pricing has perceived value of a product rather than the objective cost (Poon et al. 2017). An organisation must have a pricing strategy before sells a product and it must achieve the revenue target of the organisation. Jeanswest organisation takes higher-pricing strategy as price is higher than the local market. It makes a sense that organisation sells quality product to the customers with global name. The other brands with affordable clothing are competitors of Jeanswest. Jeanswests price strategy can be called price skimming as the organisation charges highest price and the customers need to pay the price initially. In this way, the demands of products get satisfied, Jeanswest lowers the price in the more-price sensitive segment. Customers of Jeanswest are mainly fashion conscious and they are from upper-income group millennial. In female jeans products, the ranges of product in pricing are various and cus tomers can choose among various price range. As stated by Bharadwaj (2015), the customers provide values to product pricing. In this way, if values are positive, then the products will be a hit in the market. In recognising the perceived value of a product, Jeanswest can make a survey in the market through social media. As opined by Lueg et al. (2015), place is related to concept of where the customers can get the products. In making choice about place, the organisation needs to set the distribution channel. The place strategy of products to the stores plays a vital role. David Jones, the rival in the market of Jeanswest sends the new products in the stores within 30 days of the launching and this strategy sells the products more. Accessing products in large quantity and proper place is needed by customers. In Australia, Jeanswest organisation has more than 190 shops and online presence. However, the organisation is trying to expand the online stores and it would enable the organisation to reach a large number of customers. All stores of the organisation are near large city; customers can check new design through online and buy them in the stores. Promotion is the market communication strategy to the target customers, in this respect; the organisations select the promotional activities. These strategies include social media advertisements, television advertisements and hoardings. Promotions increase public relation to organisation and increase brand value (Brito et al. 2105). The promotion makes the connection to organisation and end-users. In entire marketing function, promotion is the communication aspect. In selling their new denim or designer clothing, Jeanswest organisation does not make aggressive advertisements. Jeanswest uses word-of-mouth public relation. Jeanswest tries to make customers happy as the organisation sells best quality products. The distribution and pricing strategy of the organisation play an important role in promotion. Sometimes, the Jeanswest organises fashion week to promote their newly launched ranges of products. This increases brand popularity. Moreover, in a social network, the organisation has strong presence. Jeanswest engages the customers in social media and they make loyalty programme. In making advertisement campaign, the organisations can arrange promotional partners and in fashion retail industry, power of partnership is very important (McAlexander et al. 2016). Most importantly, Jeanswest organisation focuses on the ethical sourcing in production of jeans and denim. The organisation follows standard code of conducts in manufacturing the products with signing the cotton pledge on the website of the organisation. Recommendations Jeanswest organisation is not in the industry and it has several competitors in the market. However, this organisation is trying to make its foothold as a global organisation. Jeanswest organisation follows vertical integration in merchandising the products in the Australian market. However, in marketing the products and correcting the target market, some of the recommendations as follow: Jeanswest organisation can target through interested fashion trends of the customers. Of late, customers are getting more fashion conscious; Jeanswest organisation can target the customers who are conscious about their looks. The people who like to shop and socialise can be new target customers. Jeanswest organisation takes price skimming strategy; however, affordable pricing strategy would help the organisation to penetrate to middle-class people. Reaching a large number of consumers will eventually increase the sales. EDLP (Everyday Low Price) strategy will increase customer base Social media marketing is not strong of the organisation; however, it has social networking pages on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and You Tube. Jeanswest has 1,33,000 (approx) likes on Facebook. Social media marketing is cost-effective and can reach the customers easily with attractive images and contents. Jeanswest organisation needs to take social media strategy effectively with community support programmes that will enhance their CSR. Conclusion Jeanswest organisation is one of the largest fashion retail organisations that sell mostly luxury denim jeans. Jeanswests target markets are selective and the organisation needs to flourish it. The organisation needs to alter the pricing strategy in order to reach large market segment. Visual branding is now important, Jeanswest organisation can start digital marketing through social media and best quality images must be posted there. In a country like Australia, fashion retail and apparel industry have scope to flourish and Jeanswest organisation with focusing mainly demand of the consumers rather than competition. Reference List Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Bharadwaj, S., 2015. Developing new marketing strategy theory: addressing the limitations of a singular focus on firm financial performance.AMS review,5(3-4), pp.98-102. Brito, P.Q., Soares, C., Almeida, S., Montes, A. and Byvoet, M., 2015. Customer segmentation in a large database of an online customized fashion business.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,36, pp.93-100. Hennart, J.F., 2014. The accidental internationalists: a theory of born globals.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), pp.117-135. Jeanswest.com.au. 2017. Our History. Available at: https://www.jeanswest.com.au/en-au/about-us/history.htm [Accessed on: 29 Aug. 2017] Lueg, R., Pedersen, M.M. and Clemmensen, S.N., 2015. The role of corporate sustainability in a low?cost business modelA case study in the Scandinavian fashion industry.Business Strategy and the Environment,24(5), pp.344-359. McAlexander, J.H., Koenig, H.F. and DuFault, B., 2016. Millennials and Boomers: increasing alumni affinity and intent to give by target market segmentation.International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing,21(2), pp.82-95. Mohr, I., 2013. The impact of social media on the fashion industry.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,15(2), p.17. Poon, E.W.N.J., Lam, S.S. and Moon, K.K., 2017. Design and Development of Intelligent Decision Support Prototype System for Social Media Competitive Analysis in Fashion Industry.Fashion and Textiles: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice, p.211. Posner, H., 2015.Marketing Fashion: Strategy, Branding and Promotion. Laurence King Publishing. Weinstein, A. and Cahill, D.J., 2014.Lifestyle market segmentation. Abingdon: Routledge.

Tarnished gold Some of the great Olympics cheat Essays - Sports

Tarnished gold: Some of the 'great' Olympics cheats Faster, higher, farther...sneakier? From non-disabled Paralympians to rigged fencing foils and badminton players intent on losing - here's our guide to the Olympians who fell far short of the high Olympic ideals... Guy Adams @ guyadams Wednesday 1 August 2012 11:00 BST Tarnished gold: Some of the 'great' Olympics cheats An official threatens Greysia Polii and Meiliana Jauhari of Indonesia and Jung Eun Ha and Min Jung Kim of Korea with a 'black card' disqualification In the long history of Olympic cheating last night's effort (or rather lack of it) by badminton players at Wembley Arena is a little unusual. Rather than attempting to win through the employing of devious methods the players from China and South Korea, in fact, appeared to be attempting to lose in order to manipulate a draw. The farcical scenes that saw players booed, jeered, disqualified and then reinstated - have today led to the launching of disciplinary proceedings against the four players. The fiasco began when Chinese top seeds Wang Xiaoli and Yu Yang started to show little interest in beating Koreans Jung Kyung- eun and Kim Ha- na to finish top of Group A. Coming second would have meant avoiding compatriots and second seeds Tian Qing and Zhao Yunlei at least until the final. Tian and Zhao had been sent off their natural path to the final as second seeds by defeat to Denmark's Kamilla Rytter Juhl and Christinna Pedersen earlier in the day. The Koreans responded to China's antics by copying them and referee Thorsten Berg emerged to warn all the players and subsequently disqualify and reinstate them. Though the desire to lose may have been unusual, mendacity, manipulation and outright cheating at the Olympic games are nothing new... Ben Johnson, Seoul, 1988 There were drug cheats before, and there have been drug cheats since. But it took the downfall of Ben Johnson to demonstrate the apparent ubiquity of banned substances at the very highest level of sport. On the evening of 24 September, the Canadian sprinter set a new world record of 9.79 seconds in the men's 100m final, lifting his hand in triumph as he crossed the finish line ahead of arch rival Carl Lewis and Britain's Linford Christie, in what a BBC commentator declared "the greatest sprint race in history". Three days later, it became the most tarnished. Johnson was stripped of his medal, and had his record expunged after a sample of his urine tested positive for stanozolol , an illegal steroid. He initially denied cheating, but later confessed - arguing that drug use was endemic in top-tier athletics. In a way, he had a point: six of the eight finalists in that famous 100m race were at some point in their careers tainted by association with "juicing", and several, like him, served bans. But no one fell further, or harder, or more publicly than Ben Johnson. And somehow, the Olympic ideal would never feel quite the same. Boris Onischenko , Montreal, 1976 At the height of the Cold War, when Olympic sports were a cipher for political clashes between East and West, the heavily- favoured Russians took on second- favourites , Great Britain, in the fencing leg of the Modern Pentathlon. Onischenko , who had won silver in the previous two Games, and was desperate to go one better, easily dispatched the UK's Danny Parker. Then he won a baffling bout against Adrian Parker, in which the electronic scoreboard registered a hit, despite an apparent lack of contact between Onischenko's epee and Parker's body. Next up was Jim Fox, a British Army captain. Early in their bout, the scoreboard once more lit up, suggesting a Soviet triumph. But Fox, who was sure he'd taken evasive action, was having none of it - and demanded an examination of his opponent's sword. "I thought the weapon was faulty," he later recalled. That was only the half of it. Buried beneath the leather handle, judges discovered an intricate wiring system designed to register a "hit" when a small button was pressed. "It was a real engineering job," said Mike Proudfoot , the British team manager. "Not just a ham amateur's effort. They had

Dances with Wolves essays

Dances with Wolves essays Without question Kevin Costner is one of the most astute directors when it comes to the use of open space. He has a way of making a viewer feel small in the large scale of the location. Several of the cameras pans of the wide open prairie territory with its long, yellow grass and rolling hills makes a person feel fully enraptured in the scenery. Where the Cowboy Rides Away: Mythic Places for Western Film by Gary Hausladen discusses just such a landscape. He says, And the setting for these stories was the American West, those particular, picturesque American landscapes that enhance the confrontations and transformations that take place. Dances with Wolves is a perfect representation of man versus nature in that it shows a city boy who is forced to learn how to survive on the frontier, and he tames it as is symbolized by his befriending of the wolf. Also symbolized by this friendship is mans ability to have harmony with nature, instead of conquering it. This idea is vanquished with the death of the wolf at the hands of a soldier. Somewhat evident as well is man versus technology in that the Indians are eventually killed off by a technology that they neither have nor embrace-that of the gun. What was formally enough to protect oneself, such as arrows and knives, has now become null and void considering you can be enumerable feet away from a man and still shoot him. Another way that this is addressed is through Costners mental breakdown while in the army, a situation that eventually pushes him in the opposite direction of technology-the frontier. There is a huge message encoded throughout this film, and I read it as saying, Technology is the death of true civilization. Most of all though, the movie is a sadly truthful perspective on the colonization that occurred in America during and after our revolt against the suppression of ...

Music for the Stage (Wagner-Die Walkre) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music for the Stage (Wagner-Die Walkre) - Essay Example Every author who have studied this work have noticed the rpesence of a number of leitmotifs which are short, melodious and harmonic in general through which the work gains its expressiveness and dramatic form. (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html). Though Wagner had never used the word leitmotif, his critics had been somewhat paranoid in attributing a number of leitmotifs distributed in the entire stretch of this work. Wagner had called them ‘melodic moments’ and described them as created â€Å" by the orchestra into a kind of guides-to-feeling through the whole labyrinthine building of the drama† (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html). He (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html) also has added that, â€Å"at their(melodious moments) hand, we become the fellow-knowers of the proufoundest secret of the poet’s aim, the immediate partners of its realisement.† Apart from â₠¬Å"communicating the emotional nuances†, leitmotifs in Die Walkure are also perceived by critics as â€Å"the building blocks of a symphonic composition† (Richard Wagner website, http://www.trell.org/wagner/motifs.html).

A Journal Review of the American Historical Review Assignment

A Journal Review of the American Historical Review - Assignment Example Since the mid 1995, the journal has had many publications handling issues of global concern. The issues handled depict many developments in different fields. The journals explore the fields of commerce, science, numbers, history and even religion. The journal has had many developments, issues and diversities concerning the occurrences in the world. In February1995, the American review journal handled issues on race, discrimination and racism in the US. Race is an exceedingly sensitive issue that affects many people around the globe. In the US, racism was one of the issues affecting the US. Racism is inequitable treatment directed to people with prejudice on the coloration of their skin. The journal was trying to sensitize the US about the need for treating all people equally. Therefore, the journal served as a revelation to the citizens of the US. In April the 1995, the journal further explored on the issues of gender in Gilberto. It explained that gender did not have to be a basis f or people to treat people with favor. This is because no person chose his gender. During the month of August the 1995, the journal publicized issues on democracy. It explained that all persons and states had the right to democracy .This meant that they could act without fear of intimidation by any person. During the same month, the publication handled the issue of Equality. It insisted that all persons ought to endure fair treatment regardless of their color and origin. As time went by, more publications talking about diverse topics hit the headlines. The publication of February the 1996, spoke about the topic of literature. The publication gave a detailed analysis of literature by explaining about the origin of literature. The origin explained about the history facing the world of literature. The fact that the journal could handle different topics revealed the developments evident in the journal. The journal has developments in handling different matters apart from the ones in its first years of publication. These developments show that the journal keeps abreast with emerging issues in the world. This is meant to show that the world is dynamic and that the issues posted in the American Journal keep changing. Still on the year 1996, the American journal review talked about the reason as to why the Indians were red. This topic touched on the topic of mythology and delusions. The journal criticized the idea that the world was full of misconceptions and that many people were living on a lie. The journal insisted that the Americans were in another century where myths and misconceptions were unheard of. Other topics discussed there after included such things as the issue of missionaries. This was during the 1997 when many missionaries spread across the globe in order to spread the gospel. The missionaries were said to be people who had different objectives. One of the objectives was that they wanted to instill western culture to the people living in the regions tha t they visited. The American review journal discussed the topic of missionary activities with a lot of intensity. The journal also explained that missionaries explored different countries with the aim of paving way for the colonizers. This is because the missionaries brought many developments in the areas that they went to carry out their work. The American review journal of the August 1997 dealt with the issue of imperialism. Imperialism referred to the activities of acquiring territories around the globe.

Checklist For Evaluating Internal Controls Essay Example for Free

Checklist For Evaluating Internal Controls Essay For publicly traded companies, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires an audit of internal controls. The purpose of an internal control evaluation is to evaluate risk, which offers auditors a basis for audit planning and provides useful information to management (Sox Law, 2006). Auditors typically use the five basic components of internal control to approve the entire system. According to Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, and Strawser (2007) the five components to internal controls include control environment, risk assessment, control activities, monitoring, and information and communication. Control environment involves the tone of the organization and includes â€Å"the integrity, ethical values, and competence of the companys people† (Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, Strawser, 2007). Risk assessment involves a thorough assessment which â€Å"identify(s) risks, estimate their significance and likelihood, and consider how to manage the risks† (Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, Strawser, 2007). Control activities involve specific actions which help ensure that management’s goals and projections are met. Monitoring involves the continuous assessment of internal controls. Information and communication relates to the efficiency and reliability of information and communication regarding how the information is presented and communicated to users. Internal controls protect the financial information and operations of a business. The development and implementation of these controls are typically the responsibility of the business owners. Internal or external audits may be used to gauge the efficiency of internal controls. This audit generally takes place following a standard process of risk measurement regarding the business operations and financial information. The measurement data is most effectively determined by using an internal control checklist. Checklist Phase One: Understand and Document the Client’s Internal Control Obtaining an Understanding Control Environment Evaluation Risk Assessment Evaluation Information and Communication Assessment Phase Two: Assess the Control Risk Phase Three: Test Controls and Review Control Risk Reassess Controls Direction of the Test of Controls Reassess the Control Risk

Essay --

The Organizational Structure of Nike Nike is the number one innovator in the world in athletic footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories. This worldwide company operates in an extremely different organizational structure than other companies, such as Reebok and Adidas. Nike operates tremendous marketing strategies and develops inventive designs to inspire athletes around the world. This company is one of the largest suppliers in the world in athletic footwear and apparel, main producer of sports equipment, and making Nike the most valuable brand among sports companies. The task for Nike is to join diversity and inclusion to encourage ideas and innovation. Around the world, this company is a popular brand. Organizational Structure Nike is made up as a matrix organizational structure, which consist of several specialists and some individuals report to at a minimum of two managers. In the company, the staff informs to a crew of managers who dispatches the development report to the manager of the department. Each product within the company includes of it is own section and has its own department who performs independently of the CEO. The managers and employees of Nike decide concerning design and manufacture while the department managers concentrate mainly on ethical issues. In addition, the managers are completely accountable for the employees. While operating a matrix structure, Nike makes choices and responds quicker than any other department. Unlike Nike, Microsoft uses a divisional structure because it offers various separations within the company that functions almost as their own separate entities. However, this does not mean that they do not collaborate on projects or cross reference with each other. The divisi... ...ials to make their products rather than using materials that carries hazardous materials. There widespread of products help expand the company all around the world, and inspire the world with great performance and design. Conclusion Nevertheless, Nike is an extremely diverse company with outstanding organizational structure, impressive marketing strategy, and innovative products. The organizational structure of the Nike Corporation helped them become a leading innovator for the world with creative apparels and shoes. Their intelligent marketing strategies assist them in advertising their products to motive their customers and sell them. Their innovative product motivates customers with great performance footwear and quality designs to take on any obstacles. The Nike Corporation discovers various ways to improve their organizational structure to inspire the world.

Philippine Noon Time Shows Essay

For over a decade now, noontime TV shows have captivated the Filipino public, colloquially known asâ€Å"the masa†. These shows run for 2 hours a day, 6 days a week, usually from around 2 to 4 o clock pm. Their immense popularity is shown by the long lines of people that wait outside the studio hours before the program starts. All of them, hoping to get a chance to participate in the festivities which include playing games, singing, and dancing. Millions more watch through their television. All this translates into high TV ratings, eventually generating billions in revenue for the producers and executives. The host himself earns around 1 to 2 million pesos everyday. The audience mostly consists of people from the D and E demographics. Butch Stuart in his article â€Å"Mr Willie† describes them as â€Å"those who come from near or far away, many with borrowed transportation money, coming from all walks of masa life. Some of the groups that he mentioned were featured in these shows include: farmers, fishermen, GROs, bus drivers, people with missing teeth, people with special talents, single mothers, gay, graduates who failed their licensing exams, girls who can dance, boys who can sing, bibingka vendors, and, even, young girls with great looking legs.† Overseas Filipino Workers are also given special mention in the show. Those present in the audience see it as a welcome home celebration, or a way to re-immerse themselves in the Filipino culture. A euphoric upbeat atmosphere underpins the event. Mr Stuart describes it as â€Å"120 minutes of mindless choreographed entertainment – games, dancing, singing and laughter with ample opportunities for ogling†. These events don’t require any complex thinking from the participants. They were designed to be visceral and to conjure a response of raw emotion. Girls in scantily clad outfits are the ones who facilitate the celebration. They serve two purposes in the event. Firstly to captivate and attract through their revealing outfits. But they also carry out logistical tasks like accompanying audience members to the stage and dancing the tunes for everyone to mimic. The host ensures that all elements of the show are put together. To keep everything lively, his dialogue must always be fast paced. At times he gives off the impression of a cheerleader – always rousing the audience into states of excitement. He will always crack jokes left and right, and will never miss any opportunity even it means making fun of himself. For the show to be successful, the host must understand the sensibilities of the majority lower class audience. The interactive environment can only exist if he can connect with the â€Å"masa’s† humor. In Philippine society, no one has been more successful in doing this than Willie Revillame. A household name in television, he has amassed a massive amount of wealth from his noon time shows Wowowee in ABS CBN and later on, Willing willie on TV 5. Noon time shows rely on the D and E classes as their target audience. When criticism is mounted against these shows, producers are quick to respond that these journalists do not understand the plight of the poor. Some argue that these shows give the poor false hope. They line up for months waiting to be called on stage. Waiting to tell their life story. Waiting to play for a million pesos with house and lot. But the reality is that most of those who line up for the show never even make it to the studio. RESEARCH QUESTION: We would like to find out why Filipinos from the class D end E brackets are captivated with these noon time shows. It is the poor’s endorsement that sustains them. Companies who want to reach out to this consumer market donate lump sums of money for their products to be advertised on air. They know that the millions of impoverished families watching these shows will see their products. But the poor do more than just endorse. Often they peg their aspirations and dreams to the show itself. Watch any full show and you are sure to come across someone sobbing on air, talking about how his dream was to meet Willie in person. To answer the question of why the poor are so captivated, we will need to address more specific inquiries. Media for instance, is never a neutral medium. It has the capacity to shape public perception through its different portrayals of reality. After acknowledging that the poor are interested in these shows, we will look into what techniques and strategies these shows use to sustain that interest. It is easy to understand that someone who stumbles across ABSCBN may be mesmerized by the glitz and glamour of the wowowee show girls. But how do the producers maintain that interest for long periods of time when the programs in these shows tend to be repetitive? Further inquiries may also be raised concerning how we perceive and understand poverty as a social ill. Subconsciously or not, these shows frame this issue in a biased way. Critics are quick to pounce on Willie Revillame for taking advantage of the poor. In return, he retaliates by calling them apathetic and claiming that he truly empathizes with them. Both assertions are possibly right. These shows may be both half empty and full. But perhaps a better way to resolve this conflict is to look into the assumptions about poverty that these shows espouse. Even more questions can be raised regarding the link between poverty and gender in Philippine society. We question how structures of patriarchy are reinforced and reflected in the arrangments of these shows. Willie Revillame is notorious for using blatantly sexist language. In one account by Butch Stuart, Willie comments on the obesity of a middle aged woman who came up to hug him by saying, â€Å"Mas masarap yapusin ang mga dalaga†. But the epitome of this sexism is seen in the dancing girls that liven the show. Mr Butch Stuart describes them as if they were tools to tingle one’s sensations: â€Å"Tall, Pretty, Scantily Clad,Jiggling their cleavage breasts, bending, grinding and humping their loins, the tassels and trimmings of their skimpy covers swaying with their dancing, as they blow kisses, seamlessly sequing from program segments to ads, teasing men to the edge of one particular cardinal sin†. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The group will use Marxist analysis to understand the dynamics that exist between the audience and the TV producers in these noon time shows. The paper on Marxism and method talks about the central scientific goals of Marxist analysis. The first of these is to provide a well founded and logically derived description of the central institutional feature of a market based economic system. The second goal is to historicize and to determine how these features came to exist. The last is to determine the social implications of these arrangments. We like this kind of theoretical framework for its rigid empiricism. Many frameworks start from the universal towards the particular. That is to say they start with an established principle and then go on trying to rationalize the real world to try to fit that picture. In contrast, Marxist analysis begins from the ground up. It first takes a look at what is observable like the relationships of people across the social strata, the relationships of people to capital, or the relationships of people to instiutions which did not exist apriori, but instead have a historical basis to them. After making repeated observations, Marxist analysis will then see if recurring patterns, outcomes, and courses of action exist. Only then will a theory be produced to account for these similarities. The Marxist approach is a scientific one. As Daniel little writes that Marxist analysis explain real world phenomena in terms of underlying causal conditions rather than crude associations among observable va riables. This process of analysis is significant in our research in that it requires us to look at the tangible motivations of those watching these noon time TV shows. It is no mere coincidence or stroke of luck that these shows continue to remain prominent. There are financial incentives that make thousands of people skip their work just to watch them live. There are also practical ways to explain why the poor would rather sing and dance away their problems to the tune of â€Å"boom tarat tarat†. Finally, it is an undeniable fact that the elites- namely the business tycoons, the tv executives, the celebrity personalities and everyone else on the upper echelons of the media industry, continue to benefit from a capitalist system that produces massive amounts of inequality. The mode of production, in this instance the noon time tv shows that generate the income, will cease to exist if there were no poor people to delude. We will also use the Gramscian concept of hegemony to describe the process in which the poor are made to passively accept their positions of status. Hegemony, is the process with which the dominant class projects and reinforces its ideologies through the use of cultural institutions. Chandler states that this represents not only political and economic control, but also the ability of the dominant class to project its own way of seeing the world so that those who are subordinated by it accept it as ‘common sense’ and ‘natural’. Gramsci would find the institution of the family to be repressive. By belonging into the family unit, we are socialized into aspiring for specific life goals. One of this is to be productive citizens ing specialized skill sets that can be used to earn profit. We see this as obvious. However, the fulfillment of this goal ensures the preservation of our inequitable social structure. The family and educational system ensures that when one profit minded factory owner dies, another one takes its place. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Marxism Marxism is defined as the political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by Marx; especially : a theory and practice of socialism including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society. A body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political program. Rational Choice Theory Rational choice theory is defined as An economic principle that assumes that individuals always make prudent and logical decisions that provide them with the greatest benefit or satisfaction and that are in their highest self-interest. Noon Time Variety Show Variety shows are defined as Theatrical entertainment consisting of successive unrelated acts, such as songs, dances, and comedy skits. In the context of this paper they are performed using the medium of the television. SCOPE AND LIMITATION: Our study will focus solely on Noon time TV programs in the Philippines. Other countries have their own formats for variety shows. These will not be covered by this paper. Our goal is to understand poverty particularly in the Filipino context. Therefore our analysis will focus more on the cultural nuances of Filipino society reflected in local variety shows. We will also not consider other reality TV shows that do not fall under the category of a variety show. That is, an event consisting of successive acts of singing, dancing and, games. The reason for this is that differences in show arrangements will make it difficult to conduct a consistent analytical approach for all reality tv across the board. For instance, Marxists themes of class inequality to an extent are less evident in weight lost shows such as the biggest loser than they are in wowowee. The selection of participants for both these shows are also markedly different making it difficult to conduct a unified analysis of the demographics. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: METHOD AND METHO http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/marxism http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367344/Marxism http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rational-choice-theory.asp#axzz2JCDDzjcx

Four Things That Set Americans Apart and Why They Matter

The results are in. We now have sociological data about the values, beliefs, and attitudes that make Americans unique when compared with people from other nations—especially those from other rich nations. The Pew Research Centers 2014 Global Attitudes Survey found that Americans have a stronger belief in the power of the individual. Compared to residents of other nations, Americans are more likely to believe that hard work will lead to success. Americans also tend to be much more optimistic and religious than people in other rich nations. What Makes Americans Unique? Sociological data from the Pew Research Center suggests that Americans differ from residents of other nations in their individualism and their belief in hard work to get ahead. Moreover, compared to other wealthy nations, Americans are also more religious and optimistic. Lets dig into these data, consider why Americans differ so greatly from others, and figure out what it all means from a sociological perspective. A Stronger Belief in the Power of the Individual Pew found, after surveying people in 44 nations around the world, that  Americans believe, far more than others, that we control our own success in life. Others around the world are far more likely to believe that forces outside ones control determine the level of ones success. Pew determined this by asking people whether they agreed or disagreed with the following statement: Success in life is pretty much determined by forces outside our control. While the global median was 38 percent  of respondents disagreeing with the statement, more than half of Americans—57 percent—disagreed with it. This means that most Americans believe that success is determined by ourselves, rather than outside forces. Pew suggests that this finding means that Americans stand out on individualism, which makes sense. This result signals that we believe more in the power of ourselves as individuals to shape our own life than we believe that outside forces shape us. The majority of Americans believe that success is up to us, which means we believe in the promise and possibility of success. This belief is, in essence, the American Dream: a dream rooted in the belief in the power of the individual. However, this common belief runs counter to what we social scientists know to be true: a litany of social and economic forces surround us from birth, and they shape, to a large degree, what happens in our lives, and whether we achieve success in normative terms (i.e. economic success). This does not mean that individuals do not have power, choice, or free will. We do, and within sociology, we refer to this as agency.  But we, as individuals, also exist within a society composed of social relationships with other people, groups, institutions, and communities, and they and their norms exert social force on us. So the paths, options, and outcomes from which we choose, and how we make those choices, are influenced greatly by the social, cultural, economic, and political circumstances that surround us. That Old Pull Yourself up by Your Bootstraps Mantra Connected to this belief in the power of the individual, Americans are also more likely to believe that it is very important to work hard to get ahead in life. Nearly three-quarters of Americans believe this, whereas just 60 percent do in the United Kingdom, and 49 percent do in Germany. The global mean is 50 percent, so residents of other nations also believe this too—just not to the same extent as Americans. A sociological perspective suggests that theres circular logic at work here. Success stories—widely popular in all forms of media—are typically framed as narratives of hard work, determination, struggle, and perseverance. This fuels the belief that one must work hard to get ahead in life, which perhaps fuels hard work, but it certainly does not fuel economic success for the vast majority of the population. This myth also fails to account for the fact that most people do work hard, but do not get ahead, and that even the concept of getting ahead means that others must by necessity fall behind. So the logic can, by design, only work for some, and they are a small minority. The Most Optimistic Among Rich Nations Interestingly, the U.S. is also far more optimistic than other rich nations, with 41 percent saying they were having a particularly good day. No other rich nations even came close. Second to the U.S. was the U.K., where just 27 percent—thats less than a third—felt the same way. It makes sense that people who believe in the power of themselves as individuals to achieve success by hard work and determination would also show this kind of optimism. If you see your days as full of promise for future success, then it follows that you would consider them good days. In the U.S. we  also receive and perpetuate the message, quite consistently, that positive thinking is a necessary component of achieving success. No doubt, theres some truth to that. If you dont believe that something is possible, whether its a personal or professional goal or dream, then how will you ever achieve it? But, as author Barbara Ehrenreich has observed, there are significant downsides to this uniquely American optimism. In her 2009 book  Bright-Sided: How Positive Thinking is Undermining America, Ehrenreich suggests that positive thinking can ultimately harm us personally, and as a society. As one summary of the book explains,  On a personal level, it leads to self-blame and a morbid preoccupation with stamping out negative thoughts. On a national level, it’s brought us an era of irrational optimism resulting in disaster [i.e. the subprime mortgage foreclosure crisis]. Part of the problem with positive thinking, per Ehrenreich, is that when it becomes a mandatory attitude, it disallows for the acknowledgement of fear, and of criticism. Ultimately, Ehrenreich argues, positive thinking, as an ideology, fosters acceptance of an unequal and highly troubled status quo, because we use it to convince ourselves that we as individuals are to blame for what is hard in life, and that we can change our situation if we just have the right attitude about it. This kind of ideological manipulation is what Italian activist and writer Antonio Gramsci referred to as cultural hegemony, achieving rule through the ideological manufacture of consent. When you believe that thinking positively will solve your problems, you are unlikely to challenge the things that may be causing your trouble. Relatedly, late sociologist C. Wright Mills would look on this trend as fundamentally anti-sociological, because the essence of having a sociological imagination, or thinking like a sociologist, is being able to see the connections between personal troubles and public issues. As Ehrenreich sees it, American optimism stands in the way of the kind of critical thinking that is necessary to fight inequalities and to keep society in check.  The alternative to rampant optimism, she suggests, is not pessimism—it is realism. An Unusual Combination of National Wealth and Religiosity The 2014 Global Values Survey reaffirmed another well-established trend: the richer a nation is, in terms of GDP per capita, the less religious is its population. Around the world, the poorest nations have the highest levels of religiosity, and the wealthiest nations, like  Britain, Germany, Canada, and Australia, the lowest. Those four nations  are all clustered around a $40,000 GDP per capita, and approximately 20 percent of the population claims that religion is an important part of their life.  Conversely, the poorest nations, including Pakistan, Senegal, Kenya, and the Philippines, among others, are the most religious, with nearly all members of their populations claiming religion as an important part of their lives.   This is why it is unusual that in the U.S., the nation with the highest GDP per capita among those measured, more than half of the adult population says that religion is an important part of their lives. Thats a 30 percentage point difference over other rich nations, and puts us on par with nations that have a per capita GDP of less than $20,000. This difference between the U.S. and other rich nations seems to be connected to another—that  Americans are also far more likely to say that belief in God is a prerequisite for morality. In other rich nations like Australia and France this figure is far lower (23 and 15 percent respectively), where most people do not conflate theism with morality. These final findings about religion, when combined with the first two, demonstrate the legacy of early American Protestantism. Founding father of sociology, Max Weber, wrote about this in his famous book  The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber observed that in early American society, belief in God and religiosity were expressed in large part through dedicating oneself to a secular calling, or profession. Followers of Protestantism at the time were instructed by religious leaders to dedicate themselves to their calling and work hard in their earthly life in order enjoy heavenly glory in the afterlife. Over time, the universal acceptance and practice of the Protestant religion specifically waned in the U.S., but belief in hard work and the power of the individual to forge their own success remained. However, religiosity, or at least the appearance of it, remains strong in the U.S., and is perhaps connected to the three other values highlighted here, as each are form s of faith in their own right. The Trouble with American Values While all of the values described here are considered virtues in the U.S., and, indeed, can foster positive outcomes, there are significant drawbacks to the prominence of them in our society. The belief in the power of the individual, in the importance of hard work, and optimism function more as myths than they do as actual recipes for success, and what these myths obscure is a society cleaved by crippling inequalities along lines of race, class, gender, and sexuality, among other things. They do this obscuring work by encouraging us to see and think as individuals, rather than as members of communities or parts of a greater whole. Doing so prevents us from fully grasping the larger forces and patterns that organize society and shape our lives, which is to say, doing so discourages us from seeing and understanding systemic inequalities. This is how these values maintain an unequal status quo. If we want to live in a just and equal society, we have to challenge the dominance of these values and the prominent roles they play in our lives, and take instead a healthy dose of realistic social critique.